Description : Explain Inter-process Communication (IPC) using mailbox/queue.
Answer :
Inter-process communication using mailbox: Mailbox is the Interprocess communication mechanism. A process puts a data message for another process in the mailbox. Mailbox is also called as message exchange. ... a message. In mailbox IPC the sender need not to know the name of the receiver.
asked
Apr 1, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Explain arbitration. What is priority arbitrator?
Answer :
Arbitration: IF multiple peripherals are connected to microprocessor or DMA controller or any resource and they request services simultaneously so which peripheral will get serviced first this is ... Peripherals make requests to arbiter and arbiter makes requests to the resource.
asked
Mar 17, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : What is design technology? Explain top down design process.
Answer :
Design technology: Design technology is the manner in which we convert our concept desired system into an implementation. The three main design technologies are 1. Compilation/Synthesis ... general purpose processors and A Gate-level Netlist for special-purpose processors.
asked
Mar 14, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
Interrupt latency is the amount is the amount of time it takes a system to respond to an interrupt.The 4 factors influencing on embedded system response to an interrupt are:1. The longest period of time ... 2 is one of the reasons that it is generally a good idea to write short interrupt routines.
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : What are counting semaphores and resource semaphore?
Answer :
If a task tries to take the semaphore when the integer is equal to zero, then the task will block. These semaphores are called counting semaphore. Some system offer semaphore that can be ... , but they cannot be used to communicate between two tasks. Such semaphores are called resource semaphore.
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : What is watchdog timer ? Explain the implementation of time out for ATM with block diagram and program.
Answer :
A special type of timer is a watchdog timer, which will reset the system after a predefined timeout. Watchdog timer reset timer every X time unit, else timer generates a signal ... be loaded into timereg. This is to prevent erroneous software from unintentionally resetting the watchdog timer.
asked
Jan 22, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
notes.txt (18 kb) I added extra knowledge in this file.I also attach my programs. If any doubts ask me. If any doubt on socket please let me know. I know little bit English knowledge. If any spell mistake and grammar error sorry sorry.
asked
Jan 21, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
Some embedded systems have Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) and some of them not. Real-Time Operating Systems is a platform for building applications for embedded systems, Smaller Software ... they just have application code without RTOS. Every Real-Time Operating Systems have the kernel.
asked
Jan 20, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
There are two main types of task scheduling algorithm in Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS).1. Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS)2. Earliest-Deadline-First (EDF)Rate Monotonic Scheduling ( ... shortest period process and so on.Rate Monotonic Scheduing do not support non-periodic processees.
asked
Jan 19, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : what are different three main IC Technologies? discuss the advantages of each of them.
Answer :
The three different IC technologies are 1.Full custom VLSI2.Semi-custom ASIC3.Programmable Logic Devices (PLD)The advantages of each of them are as follows :1. Full custom VLSIAll ... Logic devices are available instantly.In PLD there is not customised logic cell or mask layer.
asked
Jan 18, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : What are the advantages of using Linux?
Answer :
Advantages of Linux are as follows :Linux is open source and free.Linux Is multiuser and multitasking operating system.Linux is the stable operating system.Linux is reliable.Linux can be modify according to requirements.Linux is the secure operating system.
asked
Dec 16, 2017
by
anonymous
Description : What is a hard real time system?
Answer :
If the real-time systems have minimum interrupt latency and task deadline with prescribe time limits then it is known as hard real-time systems. If these two requirements meet in real time systems but not always then it is known as soft real-time systems.
asked
Dec 16, 2017
by
anonymous
Description : What is meant by embedded Linux?
Answer :
Linux is the operating system if we use this operating system in embedded system devices then it is known as embedded Linux. Linux is open source and free.
asked
Dec 16, 2017
by
anonymous
Description : What is the real time scheduling?
Answer :
Hard real-time and soft real-time are the types of real time scheduling. Real time
asked
Dec 16, 2017
by
anonymous
Description : What is a single purpose processor?
Answer :
Single Purpose Processor Single purpose processor is design to execute only one program. It perform particular computation task. So it have faster ... of single purpose processor. The datapath contains only required components.
asked
Dec 16, 2017
by
anonymous
Description : what are the significance of kernel in RTOS ?
Answer :
In every RTOS there is the kernel. The kernel is the core supervisory software. The kernel provides minimal logic. Scheduling is also provided by the kernel. The resource- ... device managment service.RTOS kernel has interrupt management service.RTOS kernel has memory management service.
asked
Oct 19, 2017
by
anonymous
Description : Normally, the FPGA resources are used less than 70% because: a. Routing becomes excessively complicated b. Power issues c. Clock frequency d. Simulation time increases
Answer :
Normally, the FPGA resources are used less than 70% because: Routing becomes excessively complicated
asked
May 17, 2018
by
anonymous
asked
Apr 1, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : List and describe three general approaches to improve designer productivity.
Answer :
Automation: The task of using a computer program to replace manual design effort. The program replaces manual design effort. Synthesis. Reuse: The ... correctness/completeness of each design step. Hardware/software co-simulation.
asked
Mar 29, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Explain placement, routing, and sizing.
Answer :
Placement: The task of placing and orienting every transistor somewhere on IC. Routing: The task of running wires between the transistors without inserting other wires or transistors. ... wires and transistor provide better performance but consume more power and require more silicon area.
asked
Mar 28, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : A single FSM can be converted to two smaller FSM. Justify.
asked
Mar 28, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
Common computation models: Sequential program model Statements, rules for composing statements, semantics for executing them Communicating process model ... Object-oriented model For breaking complex software into simpler, well-defined pieces
asked
Mar 28, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Sketch internal design of 4x3 ROM.
Answer :
The internal design of 4x3 ROM
asked
Mar 28, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using memory I/O and standard I/O.
Answer :
Memory mapped I/O and standard I/O are the two methods for communicating microprocessor with peripherals. Processor talks to both memory and peripheral using the same bus.Two ways to talk to a peripheral. ... of standard I/O is no loss of memory addresses to the use as I/O addresses.
asked
Mar 26, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Explain parallel and wireless protocols.
Answer :
Parallel protocols: PCI bus (Peripheral Components Interconnect): PCI stands for Peripheral Components Interconnect. PCI bus is used as a communication line to transmit signals and data ... provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand.
asked
Mar 26, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Explain memory hierarchy.
Answer :
Memory hierarchy: Main memory is large, inexpensive, slow memory stores entire program and data. Cache memory is small, expensive, fast memory stores copy of likely accessed parts of large ... In memory hierarchy the smaller memory is faster and larger memory storage is slower.
asked
Mar 26, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Explain memory write ability and storage permanence with suitable diagram.
Answer :
Write ability and storage permanence of memories: Write ability is the manner and speed at which memory can be written. Storage permanence is the ability of memory to hold stored bits ... Holds bits after power is no longer supplied. High end and middle range of storage permanence.
asked
Mar 24, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Describe different RT level computational and sequential components used to design single function processors.
Answer :
RT-level combinational components:- To reduce the complexity in digital logic, combinational components are used, which are more powerful than logic gates. Such combinational ... during a clock edge. An asynchronous inputs value effects the circuit independent of the clock.
asked
Mar 21, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Build using minimum number of CMOS gates. Three input NAND gate. Two input NOR gate Three input NOR gate Two input AND gate Two input OR gate
Answer :
Three input NAND gate. Two input NOR gate Three input NOR gate Two input AND gate Two input OR gate
asked
Mar 21, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Explain the various steps involved in designing a custom single-purpose processor.
Answer :
A single purpose processor is a digital circuit designed to execute exactly one program. It is also known as co-processor, accelerator or peripheral. It contains only ... for small quantities. Performance may not match general-purpose processors for same applications.
asked
Mar 21, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : If Moor's law continues to hold, predict the approximation number of transistor per leading edge IC in the year. 1.2030 2.2050
Answer :
If Moor's law continues to hold, predict the approximation number of transistor per leading edge IC in the year.1.20302.2050
asked
Mar 21, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Compare the annual growth rate of 1.IC capacity 2.Designer productivity.
Answer :
Compare the annual growth rate of 1.IC capacity2.Designer productivity.
asked
Mar 21, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Explain FSM and concurrent process with example.
Answer :
Finite State Machine (FSM): Finite state machine is a machine which have a transition from state to state. The system have some number of states and at a time the system can ... Y seconds. In sequential execution, the processor executes single task which causes poor processor utilization.
asked
Mar 17, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Compose 1k x 8 ROMS into 8k x 8 ROM.
Answer :
1k x 8 ROMS into 8k x 8 ROM:
asked
Mar 15, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Explain data transfer mechanism in I2C protocol. Compare it with CAN and USB protocol based on bit rate and area of applications.
Answer :
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit): I2C stands for Inter-Integrated Circuit. I2C is a serial protocol. It was developed by Philips Semiconductor. I2C bus have two communication lines. One is serial data ( ... Mbps this is used for lower speed devices. Using USB we can connect upto 127 devices.
asked
Mar 3, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
The volatile keyword is a part of C standard, and this warns the compiler that ISR might change the value of a variable so that the compiler will not optimize the code in a way that will ... the keyword is not supported, you can still get the similar result by turning off the compiler optimizations.
asked
Jan 25, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : explain how a stepper motor is controlled using driver. give relevant hardware and software details.
Answer :
A stepper motor is an electric motor that rotates fix number of degrees whenever we apply a step signal. the stepper motor can rotate 1.8-degree full step or ... driver 2. controlling a stepper motor directly Application of stepper motor: disk driversprintersphotocopyfax machinerobotscamcorder
asked
Jan 25, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Explain Keypad controller.
Answer :
Keypad Controller: It's a device which interfaces between the computer and keyboard. That is a input device and used for transfer the data to connected device.
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
Liquid Crystal Display:-An LCD is a low-cost, low power device capable of displaying text and images. LCD's are extremely common in embedded systems since such system often does not have video monitors ... toggles the enables bit and acts as a delay so that the command can be processed and executed.
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
UART takes parallel data and transmits serially and UART receives serial data and converts to parallel.A simple UART may possess1.Some configuration registers and2.Two independently operating processors, one ... must write data to the transmit register and/or read data from the received register.
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
Timers:-A timer is a peripheral device that can measure time intervals. Timers can be used to1. General events at the specific time or to determine the duration of two external events.eg. Keeping a ... the number of times the car wheel rotates in one second, in order to determine cars speed.
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
Most microprocessors have a nonmaskable interrupt, an input pin that causes an interrupt that cannot be disabled. If an interrupt routine shares any data with the task code, then it is necessary ... by setting the priority level. 3. It allows us to enable and disable individual interrupts.
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
A semaphore is called binary semaphore when its value is 0, it is assumed that it has been taken (or accepted) & when its value is 1, it is assumed that it has been released & no ... that are not themselves reentrant.3. A reentrant function may does not use the hardware in a nonatomic way.
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
Instruction execution has 5 basic stages:1. Fetch instruction:The task of reading the next instruction from memory into the instruction register.2. Decode instruction:The task of determining what operation ... into an appropriate register.5. Store results:The task of writing a register into memory.
asked
Jan 23, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
A design metric is a measure of a implementations features such as cost, size, performance and power.Commonly used design metrics are:1.NRE cost:NRE stands for non recurring engineering cost. ... to check that manufacturing was correct.11.Safety:The probability that the system will not cause harm.
asked
Jan 23, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
The main characteristics of an embedded system are:1. Single functioned2. Tightly constrained3. Reactive and real time1. Single functioned:An embedded system usually executes a specific program repeatedly.Ex. Pager ... computer user. But it doesn't result in a system failure.Ex. Digital camera chip
asked
Jan 23, 2018
by
anonymous
Description : Define embedded system.
Answer :
An embedded system is nearly any computing system other than a desktop computer. Embedded systems are hard to define because they cover such a broad range of electronic devices. It has three main components: 1. Hardware 2. Main application software 3. Real time operating system
asked
Jan 23, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
Shared memory :For sharing of data faster and communication between programs, we use shared memory. Shared memory can be used with multiprocessors and single processors. Means Program ... No resource preemption4. Circular waitIf the four conditions occur simultaneously then the deadlock occurs.
asked
Jan 22, 2018
by
anonymous
Answer :
The scheduler is very important in Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). Selection of tasks for execution is provided by the scheduler. Which task to execute when it is provided by the ... . Non-preemptive scheduling is simple.Preemptive scheduling is flexible while non-preemptive scheduling is rigid.
asked
Jan 22, 2018
by
anonymous